Noise types and specifications. Natural, manmade and intrinsic noise sources. Thermal, shot, contact, popcorn and avalanche noise as related to electronic devices. Reactive network effects on thermal noise. Signal-to-noise ratio, noise figure, noise factor, noise temperature and noise bandwidth. Low noise design techniques, measurement techniques for noise factor and noise bandwidth. Ground loops and how to eliminate them. Grounding techniques, shielding, digital circuit radiation, electrostatic discharge and electromagnetic pulse. Prerequisites: EL-261. (2-2-3)